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Estonia
Estonia
Population
1.4M
Rank #155Source: World Bank
Capital
Tallinn
Source: REST Countries
Region
Europe
Europe & Central Asia
Source: REST Countries
GDP (Nominal)
$43.13B
Rank #101Source: World Bank
Land Area
45.2K km²
Rank #130Source: REST Countries
Life Expectancy
78.49 yrs
Source: World Bank
Historical Trends
Population Trend (5-Year)
Source: World Bank
GDP Trend (5-Year, Nominal USD)
Source: World Bank
Geography
Area: 45,227 km²
Landlocked: No
Independent: Yes
Climate: maritime; wet, moderate winters, cool summers
Terrain: marshy, lowlands; flat in the north, hilly in the south
Elevation: mean elevation: 61 m lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m highest point: Suur Munamagi 318 m
Natural Hazards: sometimes flooding occurs in the spring
Environmental Issues: air polluted with sulfur dioxide from oil-shale burning power plants in northeast; however, the amounts of pollutants emitted to the air have fallen dramatically and the pollution load of wastewater...
Land Use: agricultural land: 22.2% (2011 est.) forest: 52.1% (2011 est.) other: 25.7% (2011 est.)
Geography Note: the mainland terrain is flat, boggy, and partly wooded; offshore lie more than 1,500 islands
Natural Resources
oil shalepeatrare earth elementsphosphoriteclaylimestonesanddolomitearable landsea mud
People & Society
Fertility Rate
1.31
Population
1.4M
Ethnic Groups
Estonian (68.7%)Russian (24.8%)Ukrainian (1.7%)Belarusian (1%)Finn (0.6%)other (1.6%)unspecified (1.6%)
Religions
Orthodox (16.2%)Lutheran (9.9%)other Christian (including Methodist, Seventh-Day Adventist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal) (2.2%)other (0.9%)none (54.1%)unspecified (16.7%)
Economy
GDP per Capita
$31,428.355
GDP per Capita PPP
49,968.711
(2024)
(2024)
GNI per Capita
28,880
(2024)
(2024)
Gini Index
30.7
(2023)
(2023)
Unemployment
7.6%
(2024)
(2024)
Inflation
3.521%
(2024)
(2024)
Public Debt
Not Available
Energy
Electricity Access
100%
(2023)
(2023)
Renewable Energy
38%
(2021)
(2021)
CO₂ Emissions
10.649 Mt
(2024)
(2024)
Energy Intensity
4.12 MJ/$
(2022)
(2022)
Renewable Electricity
39.957%
(2021)
(2021)
Environment
Forest Coverage
57.065% of land
(2023)
(2023)
Communications
Internet Users
92.238%
(2024)
(2024)
Mobile Penetration
150.196%
(2023)
(2023)
Broadband Subscribers
35.254%
(2023)
(2023)
Transportation
Air Transport Freight
Not Available
Container Port Traffic
288,456 TEU
(2022)
(2022)
Airports
22
Rail Lines
1,033 km
Roads Total
89,452 km(©IRF)
Military
Military Forces
Estonian Defense Forces: Land Forces, Navy, Air Force, Estonian Defence League (Reserves); Ministry of Interior: Border Guards
Personnel Strength
the Estonian Defense Forces have approximately 6,000 active duty personnel (5,000 Army; 400 Navy; 500 Air Force); est. 15,000 Estonian Defense League
Military Expenditure (USD)
$1.44B
Military Expenditure (% of GDP)
3.37%
Military Expenditure History
2.14% of GDP (2019 est.) 2% of GDP (2018) 2.03% of GDP (2017) 2.07% of GDP (2016) 2.02% of GDP (2015)
Deployments
approximately 100 Mali (Operation Barkhane/MINUSMA/EUTM) (2020)
Equipment & Inventories
the Estonian Defense Forces have a limited inventory of Soviet-era and more modern Western weapons systems; France and the Netherlands are the leading suppliers of armaments to Estonia since 2010...
Service Age & Obligation
18-27 for compulsory military or governmental service, conscript service requirement 8-11 months depending on education; NCOs, reserve officers, and specialists serve 11 months
Education
Pre-Primary Enrollment
94.312%
(2019)
(2019)
Primary Enrollment
98.338%
(2023)
(2023)
Secondary Enrollment
108.442%
(2023)
(2023)
Tertiary Enrollment
67.618%
(2023)
(2023)
Education Spending
5.207% of GDP
(2022)
(2022)
Adult Literacy Rate
99.89%
(2011)
(2011)
Pupil-Teacher Ratio
11.312:1
(2017)
(2017)
Health
Physicians per 1,000
3.469
(2022)
(2022)
Safe Water Access
100%
(2024)
(2024)
Safe Drinking Water
98.944%
(2024)
(2024)
Under-5 Mortality
2.1 per 1,000
(2023)
(2023)
Maternal Mortality (World Bank)
23.658 per 100,000
(2021)
(2021)
Hospital Beds per 1,000
72.826
(2021)
(2021)
UHC Coverage Index
79
(2023)
(2023)
Measles Immunization
81%
(2024)
(2024)
Social Indicators
Extreme Poverty Rate
0.3%
(2023)
(2023)
Food Insecurity
2.5%
(2023)
(2023)
Youth NEET Rate
19.077%
(2024)
(2024)
Governance
Women in Government
29.703%
(2024)
(2024)
Voice & Accountability
1.22
(Strong)
(2023)
(Strong)
(2023)
Political Stability
0.66
(Above Average)
(2023)
(Above Average)
(2023)
Government Effectiveness
1.26
(Strong)
(2023)
(Strong)
(2023)
Regulatory Quality
1.43
(Strong)
(2023)
(Strong)
(2023)
Rule of Law
1.43
(Strong)
(2023)
(Strong)
(2023)
Control of Corruption
1.54
(Strong)
(2023)
(Strong)
(2023)
Government
Government Type
parliamentary republic
Legal System
civil law system
Executive Branch
chief of state: President Kersti KALJULAID (since 10 October 2016) head of government: Juri RATAS (since 23 November 2016) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister, approved by...
Legislative Branch
description: unicameral Parliament or Riigikogu (101 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms) elections: last held on 3...
Judicial Branch
highest courts: Supreme Court (consists of 19 justices, including the chief justice, and organized into civil, criminal, administrative, and constitutional review chambers) judge selection and term...
National Symbols
Flag Description
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), black, and white; various interpretations are linked to the flag colors; blue represents faith, loyalty, and devotion, while also reminiscent of the sky,...
National Symbols
barn swallow, cornflower; national colors: blue, black, white
National Anthem
name: "Mu isamaa, mu onn ja room" (My Native Land, My Pride and Joy) lyrics/music: Johann Voldemar JANNSEN/Fredrik PACIUS note: adopted 1920, though banned between 1940 and 1990 under Soviet...
Safety
Homicide Rate
1.536 per 100,000
(2023)
(2023)
Travel Information
Language(s): Estonian
Currency: EUR (€)
Timezone(s): UTC+02:00
Landlocked: No
Independent: Yes
Driving Side: Right
Calling Code: +372
Car Sign: EST
Week Starts: Monday
Photos
A Town Hall on the central square of Tallinn was first built at the beginning of the 13th century; the current structure is a reconstructed version dating to 1404. The building functioned as the city's administrative center for some 500 years; today it serves as a reception hall for visiting dignitaries and as a tourist destination site.
A Town Hall on the central square of Tallinn was first built at the beginning of the 13th century; the current structure is a reconstructed version dating to 1404. The building functioned as the city's administrative center for some 500 years; today it serves as a reception hall for visiting dignitaries and as a tourist destination site. • CIA World Factbook • 2020
Toompea Castle in the upper town of Tallinn is the home of the Estonian Parliament - the Riigikogu.
Toompea Castle in the upper town of Tallinn is the home of the Estonian Parliament - the Riigikogu. • CIA World Factbook • 2020
Skyline of the lower town of Tallinn as seen from Toompea, the hill that makes up the upper town.
Skyline of the lower town of Tallinn as seen from Toompea, the hill that makes up the upper town. • CIA World Factbook • 2020
Another view of the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Tallinn - this time on a rainy day.
Another view of the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Tallinn - this time on a rainy day. • CIA World Factbook • 2020
CIA World Factbook • 2020
CIA World Factbook • 2020
11 photos available
View All Photos→Data sources: World Bank, UN Data • Updated daily •Learn about our data